Srdx motif4/27/2023 This can be achieved on several interdependent levels, including reversible methylation of DNA sequences, numerous histone modifications and chromatin remodelling (Adli, 2018 Movahedi et al., 2018). The spectrum of external and internal influences experienced during the life span of an organism may lead to the generation of specific changes in gene expression that could be epigenetically (without changing DNA sequence) fixed and passed on to progeny, forming epigenetic memories (Boyko and Kovalchuk, 2008). Precision in gene regulation is equally critical for achieving objectives in genetic engineering and various applications in synthetic biology (Lowder et al., 2017a, b). The conversion of DNA to RNA through transcriptional processes with or without epigenetic influence is entirely dependent on accurate gene regulation (Lo and Qi, 2017). Gene expression is a multistep process that is dependent on an accurate and responsive mechanism that regulates gene transcription, transmutation into messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and subsequent translation into proteins (Crick, 1970 Sarkar and Daniels-Race, 2013). Although, in most cases, the plant response to stress based on the mechanisms of tolerance, resistance and avoidance involves well-described metabolic pathways, the ability to acclimatize/adapt after single-generation exposure previously observed in several studies (Boyko and Kovalchuk, 2008 Mittler et al., 2012 Ohama et al., 2017 Zhao et al., 2014) represents an interesting phenomenon that cannot be explained by Mendelian genetics. Living organisms have clearly defined strategies for responding to stress that are dependent on a complex regulatory network of molecular interactions. The outcome of transcriptional regulation under stress conditions influences the subsequent steps (translational and post-translational) before the manifestation of the final phenotype (Zhang, 2015) and may consequently lead to a decrease in plant quality, yield and biomass production. extreme temperature, water limitation, excessive salt, high radiation and chemical pollution) factors alter the expression of genes in eukaryotic organisms in a well-coordinated manner at both spatial and temporal levels. microbial pathogens and insect pests) and abiotic (e.g. It is well known that adverse environmental conditions caused by biotic (e.g. The associated strategies for exploiting the CRISPR/dCas9 system for crop improvement with a dimer of the future of the CRISPR/dCas9 system in the functional genomics of crops and the development of traits will be briefly discussed. In this paper, the most recent progress in the applications of CRISPR/dCas9 in plants, which include gene activation and repression, epigenome editing, modulation of chromatin topology, live-cell chromatin imaging and DNA-free genetic modification, will be reviewed. Subsequent applications have made use of its ability to recruit modifying enzymes and reporter proteins to DNA target sites. Originally, dCas9 was used as a CRISPR/Cas9 re-engineering tool that enables targeted expression of any gene or multiple genes through recruitment of transcriptional effector domains without introducing irreversible DNA-damaging mutations. The applications of CRISPR/dCas9 have expanded and diversified in recent years. Nuclease-dead Cas9 (dCas9) is an enzymatically inactive mutant of Cas9 in which its endonuclease activity is non-functional. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and Cas9-associated protein systems provide a powerful genetic manipulation tool that can drive plant research forward.
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